A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in wildlife from China: Levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics

Accelerated industrialization and urbanization, and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This review summarized the levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in wildlife from China. PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia, and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America. However, wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world, suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions. The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife, revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals, in addition to PBDEs. Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s, but decreased from the middle of 2000s, followed by relatively steady levels. In contrast, HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007, indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years. Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts, aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE-28 and 209, respectively, suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs. Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed. Additionally, focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination, and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.     

Characteristics and recent trends of sulfur dioxide at urban, rural, and background sites in North China: Effectiveness of control measures

SO₂ measurements made in recent years at sites in Beijing and its surrounding areas are performed to study the variations and trends of surface SO₂ at different types of sites in Northern China. The overall average concentrations of SO₂ are (16.8 ± 13.1) ppb, (14.8 ± 9.4) ppb, and (7.5 ± 4.0) ppb at China Meteorological Administration (CMA, Beijing urban area), Gucheng (GCH, relatively polluted rural area, 110 km to the southwest of Beijing urban area), and Shangdianzi (SDZ, clean background area, 100 km to the northeast of Beijing urban area), respectively. The SO₂ levels in winter (heating season) are 4-6 folds higher than those in summer. There are highly significant correlations among the daily means of SO₂ at different sites, indicating regional characteristics of SO₂ pollution. Diurnal patterns of surface SO₂ at all sites have a common feature with a daytime peak, which is probably caused by the downward mixing and/or the advection transport of SO₂-richer air over the North China Plain. The concentrations of SO₂ at CMA and GCH show highly significant downward trends (-4.4 ppb/yr for CMA and -2.4 ppb/yr for GCH), while a less significant trend (-0.3 ppb/yr) is identified in the data from SDZ, reflecting the character of SDZ as a regional atmospheric background site in North China. The SO₂ concentrations of all three sites show a significant decrease from period before to after the control measures for the 2008 Olympic Games, suggesting that the SO₂ pollution control has long-term effectiveness and benefits. In the post-Olympics period, the mean concentrations of SO₂ at CMA, GCH, and SDZ are (14.3 ± 11.0) ppb, (12.1 ± 7.7) ppb, and (7.5 ± 4.0) ppb, respectively, with reductions of 26%, 36%, and 13%, respectively, compared to the levels before. Detailed analysis shows that the differences of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction were not the dominant factors for the significant differences of SO₂ between the pre-Olympics and post-Olympics periods. By extracting the data being more representative of local or regional characteristics, a reduction of up to 40% for SO₂ in polluted areas and a reduction of 20% for regional SO₂ are obtained for the effect of control measures implemented for the Olympic Games.     

生物质发电项目碳排放计算方法应用研究

生物质发电是将废弃生物质变成可再生能源得以充分利用,这些工程将减少来自于生物质自然腐烂和无控燃烧产生的温室效应,这不仅节约了煤炭的同时也减少了二氧化碳的排放。本文中以某生物质项目发电为例,根据CDM方法学ACM0006计算了该项目的减排量。结果表明,该项目10年间共减少了二氧化碳排放量2,075,140 t,给我国带来了可观的经济效益和环境效益。     

养殖鳜鱼体内典型有机氯化合物的检测与人体健康风险评估初探

利用GC-ECD检测了江苏省吴江市某养殖塘内的一批鳜鱼体内有机氯农药（OCPs）和多氯联苯（PCBs）等典型有机氯化合物（OCs）的含量水平,并对其人体健康风险进行了初步评估.结果表明,养殖鳜鱼体内滴滴涕（DDTs）、六六六（HCHs）、六氯苯（HCB）和PCBs的含量范围分别为1.3～4.57、0.13～1.24、0...     

生产源区人血中多溴联苯醚水平与甲状腺激素相关性研究

采用气相色谱/负化学电离源-质谱法对莱州湾南岸地区十溴联苯醚生产源区36位居民血清中的5种多溴联苯醚浓度进行了检测,同时测定了样品中的甲状腺激素水平.血清中Σ5PBDEs（BDE-28、-47、-153、-183、-209）的质量浓度范围（以脂重计算,下同）为130.3～4 478.4 ng.g-1,平均值为529.9 ng.g-1.5种同族体中,BDE-209对Σ5PBDEs的平均贡献率达到了69.8%.在与甲状腺激素水平的相关性研究中,计算了两者的Spearman秩相关系数,结果显示BDE-28、-47、-153、-183与TSH水平呈高度负相关,BDE-183与fT4水平呈现显著性负相关,而BDE-28、-47与T3,BDE-28、-153、-183与fT3之间均呈现显著性正相关.本研究中,生产源区人体血清中PBDEs水平处于较高的暴露水平,主要同类物为BDE-209,人体对PBDEs的暴露会影响上述4种甲状腺激素的水平,PBDEs对人体的影响不容忽视,有关PBDEs暴露水平与甲状腺激素水平之间的相关性,应进一步深入研究.     

苯酚对生物硝化过程的抑制

硝化细菌由于其特殊的生理生态特性,容易受环境因素和共存有毒有害物质的影响,使硝化过程不稳定,脱氮效率降低.采用批式试验,研究了苯酚对生物硝化过程的抑制效应.结果表明,苯酚对硝化有抑制作用,该抑制属非竞争性抑制,是可逆的.苯酚与2,4-二氯酚共存时产生叠加抑制效应.且抑制剂存在时,温度对硝化速率影响更大.因此含酚废水生物脱氮处理时需引起注意.     

福建省林权改革环境影响农户调查研究——以三明市和永安市为例

福建是全国第一个开展林权制度改革的省份。本文通过在福建省三明市和永安市实地调研的基础上,探讨福建省森林资源经营的改变对环境的影响。研究发现,林区的绝大部分林农对林权改革持满意的态度,认为林权改革前后对环境的影响有变化。数据分析显示,林改后,对林业的投入对于森林旅游的影响成正比;家庭年均收入对空气质量的影响成负相关。研究建议,继续加大对林业的投入,科学编制森林经营规划和经营方案,促进生态环境改善和林农的增收。     

淡水水体底泥厌氧氨氧化菌的初步富集培养与氨氧化特性

对已通过16SrRNA基因方法检测到厌氧氨氧化菌(anammox菌)的江苏新沂河底泥样品在厌氧生物反应器中进行连续培养,研究这种新发现的anammox菌的生长特性,及其厌氧氨氧化效应.培养试验历时49d.经25d的启动期,反应器中氨氮和亚硝酸氮开始同时降低,并与厌氧氨氧化反应的化学计量关系类似.此后,反应器的氮转化量呈上升趋势(最大值接近0.17kg.m-.3d-1).底泥经培养后,anammox菌得到了富集,其数量从1%提高到5.6%,其倍增时间为12d.研究还发现反应器生物量的流失,出水中含有与anammox菌特异性基因探针杂交并正进行增殖的细菌细胞,但其生物特性有待深入研究.     

呼伦贝尔草原植被覆盖时空动态变化监测定量方法研究

开展植被动态监测与评价,是评估生态保护措施、环境管理政策和全球变化研究的重要基础。论文以呼伦贝尔草原为例,基于1998—2008年间SPOT_VGT NDVI旬数据,通过分析生长期间的植被年均NDVI值、年NDVI最大值、年NDVI最小值、季节性动态性与物候的变化状况及其趋势,反映研究区植被覆盖空间特征,监测植被覆盖动态变化情况。结果表明:研究区植被覆盖区域特征为:以林地为主的区域草地-耕地-林地过渡区以耕地为主的区域以草地为主的区域;11 a来,研究区植被覆盖呈减弱趋势,植被覆盖最佳期提前,以林地为主的区域、草地-耕地-林地过渡区和以耕地为主的区域植被覆盖季节性动态变化较小,植被覆盖稳定性较强,而以草地为主的地区植被覆盖最小值日期推后,其季节性动态变化较大,生态环境稳定性较差。     

1950s中期以来东北地区盐碱地时空变化及成因分析

论文以1950s中期1:100000地形图和2000年Landsat/TM影像为数据源,基于地学知识重塑1950s中期盐碱地分布状况,通过人机交互解译方式获取2000年盐碱地分布状况,然后采用GIS空间分析方法对近50年盐碱地时空变化特征进行分析。结果表明：①东北盐碱地主要分布在松嫩平原(占90%以上)和呼伦贝尔草原,盐碱地由58.51×10⁴hm²增至219.31×10⁴hm²,吉林省盐碱地扩展最显著,盐碱地面积最大;②盐碱化程度从以轻度盐碱化为主发展为以中重度盐碱化为主;③气候变化、水利灌溉设施和道路网建设、过牧和滥垦、油田开采等多种因素导致东北盐碱地扩大,但在局部地区由于生态恢复和改良利用措施、过量抽取地下水导致水位大幅度下降,使得盐碱地也有缩减。